Is There Safe Way to Drink ? ( B Ed English )

Is There Safe Way to Drink ?

      "Is There Safe Way to Drink ?" is a research article. This article is based on the findings of Dr. Marris Chafetz at the John Hopkins University. It mainly tries to focus on how alcohol can be best used in an effective way. Or what are the disadvantages if we misuse it. The author Dr. Chafetz has devoted most of the professional life to the problems of alcohol and its abuse. After his research, he has concluded that alcohol is a drug and its abuse is the most serious problem which his country has been facing. And if alcohol is drunk in a safe way, it can do more good than harm.

      Pharmacologically, alcohol is an anesthetic, not a stimulus. Sufficient dosage of alcohol can put the drinker to sleep by anesthetizing the brain centers which affect judgment, knowledge and social controls. These centers also control heartbeat and breathing. But the moderate amount of alcohol stimulates the drinker by making him feel physically abler and emotionally freer.

      A responsible person must be careful about time, place and aspects of drinking; they are: amount of alcohol, manner of drinking, physical and emotional condition, time, setting, etc.

1.    Amount of alcohol:

a)    The safe or moderate amount of alcohol to drink is 1   ounces of pure alcohol per day. But it is statistical coverage; even a single drop can be harmful or too much for someone.

b)    If a driver consumes this amount of alcohol per day, he is less likely to have an automobile accident than the other driver who never drinks it. But if he goes across the limit, the possibility of the automobile accident increases rapidly.

2.    The manner of drinking:

a.)  Don't gulp (mouthful drink) but sip alcohol. Gulping immediately increases alcohol level in the blood.

b.)  Drink alcohol with food. Drinking alcohol with food is more pleasant than without food.

3.    Physical and emotional condition:

a)    Don't drink when you are physically and emotionally upset or lonely.

b)    Don't drink if you are to engage in complex mental and physical activities such as writing, driving, etc.

4.    Time and setting:

a)    Don't drink when alone. Drink is not substitute for another person. drink with someone.

b)    It is best to drink in a relaxed setting.

5.    Don't take overdose. If you take too much alcohol you will get drunk and lose your physical and mental control. Ultimately, you will be an alcoholic.

6.    Don't make small children think that alcohol is something special.

7.    If you drink and don't disturb others, it is not bad. But 'too much' is always harmful.

Towards a New Oceania

Towards a New Oceania  ( B Ed English )

   'Towards A New Oceania' is an essay. It is written by Albert Wendt. Through this essay Albert mainly focuses on the cultural diversities found in New Oceania. It tries to reflect the change of culture and its impact on education, architecture and diversity. The author speaks from nationalist points of view. He feels that colonizers have deformed all the aspects such as culture, education, architecture and valued heritages in the islands of Oceania. He attacks the colonizers for polluting and deforming them. He has kept some questions at the beginning of his writing in order to arouse interests in readers to get the main points of the text.

1.Culture: The author thinks that there was no fall, golden age, revolution in the cultures of Oceania island. These cultures were corrupted by colonialism. He does not advocate their pre-Papalagi culture of Golden age. It means that he does not want revival of the past cultures but the creation of the new cultures free from colonialism. The author views that there is much racial discrimination between different ethnic groups and it was promoted by the colonizers. The author views that no national culture is homogenous because each culture has its sub cultures. The life-blood of any culture is the diverse contributions of its varied sub-cultures. Therefore, all the societies in Oceania are multi-cultural.

2.Education: The writer has mentioned a poem entitled "Education kidnapped" composed by Rupertake Petaia from Western Samoa to show the features of colonial education. The author mentions that the poem is remarkable which aptly describes colonial education system. He views that the basic function of education is to promote conformity, obedience and respect in order to make the learners complete their roles the society has determined. It has to culture humankind. The writer feels that the colonizer's education systems are not programmed to educate the people for development but to produce manpower that is needed in the colonizer's administrative mechanism. Colonizer's wanted to make the people of Oceania sellers of the cheap raw materials and buyers of their expensive manufactured goods. Colonizer's education systems are beneficial for the elite groups, not for the common people of Oceania. Their education systems make the people of Oceania passive without confidence, self-respect and productivity.

3.Architecture: The writer's views that a frightening type of Papalagi architecture is invading Oceania. Papalagi architecture is soulless although it is of multi-storied impressive buildings which are air-conditioned. The writer feels that Papalagi architecture is not only soulless but also soul destroying. He views that the buildings have been constructed of the dead materials. He feels that Papalagi architecture is like quicksand into which the people of Oceania are drowning willingly. The writer feels that all the countries in Oceania are accepting Papalagi architecture without questioning; it is the most frightening aspect. They are copying Papalagi architecture. The writer feels that it is failure to understand reality.

4.Diversity, a valued heritage: Each society in Oceania islands processes cultural, political, social and economic diversity. Similarly, these societies are multilingual. These valued heritages have been affected by colonialism. Likewise, sculptures and carvings which are unique heritages also badly affected by colonialism. Despite political barriers between the countries, there is interflow of different aspect. The writer feels that self – expression is pre- requisites to self- respect. Therefore, valued heritages are found to be flourishing after decolonization emerged.

THIRD THOUGHTS

Third thoughts

                This story “Third Thoughts” is a humorous story written by E.V Lucas. The writer of the story had a friend. This story was told by his friend. He has such luck that he bought goods in the dearest market and sold at the cheapest. But he believed that he would be successful one day. When he was walking on the way to the Calhedral city, he reached old curio shop, where, his eyes went upon a portfolio of water-colored drawing. He asked dealer if it’s Turner’s painting or not. The dealer was not sure. However, the dealer sold him at ten shillings. Next week, when he took painting to London, he got it checked and it turned to be turner’s original. He sold it at 50 pounds making as unexpected handsome profit. He became very happy and excited. He decided to share half of profit to the dealer but he couldn’t get ticket in the post office. He went home, kept the letter and went to the bed. He woke up at about 3.30am and he pondered over his entire life. He took the ideas of sending half the profit as a mistake. So he decided to send only ten pounds. He again began to think about the dealer and realized that the dealer would be expecting same amount from other customers from the next days to come. Since other customers would not be like him, so they would not send gifts. If it happens the shopkeeper would live all the life with the false hope. So, he decided to send only 5 pounds. He again thought about his business and realized even 5pounds may anger the goddess of business. So, he decided to send only one pound. In the morning he dressed up and went the club for lunch. There people were playing cards. He also began to play cards and lost much money. At last he returned home without sending even one pound to the dealer.

                The psychological story shows the constant changing nature of human mind and business policy. The most important thing in the story is that in business buying and selling are straight forward dealings. It has nothings to do with human consideration, emotion, feeling, sympathy, faith don’t work in the business. Once, goods are sold or bought they have no obligation towards each other. The story also shows importance of patience and risk in business.

This story offers knowledge about business policy. However some ideas of the writer don’t seem convincing. Does any seller sell his good without knowing about it? How can the customer get turner’s painting in such a low price? Does anyone want to share profit with dealer? Does sentiment work in business?  Yet, at the end of this process, this story is interesting and informative which teaches one about business policies and dependence of luck in business.  

                After reading this humorous story, I now know importance of patience in business. This story taught about decision making. This story reminded me my own story. Few months back, I bought bangles for Rs. 200 when I visited my friend's house. She loved my bangles. She asked me to sell it to her and was ready to give any price. I charge Rs. 400 and never ever told anyone about this. She loves bangle and I am happy with profit and new sets of bangles.

Third Thoughts

                       Third thoughts

                This story ‘Third thoughts’ was written by E.V Lucas, England (1868-1938) this story is related to the often human seems to be weak about. This story tries to show the human psychological phenomena, relating to the storm of dilemma one faces within himself or herself when he/she has to take a decision.

                The story starts as a narration of the story told to the writer by his friend. It continues as his friend use to buy decorative materials and picture but sell those at cheaper price. Once while going through old shops he saw a water-color drawing possibly he thought to be a real painting Turner. So, he bought it at ten shillings from the seller. However, he found a purchaser for the drawing at fifty pound because it was a real Turner. It was now an unusual and astonishing profit of forty nine pounds the to him. So he began to think to share his profit with that dealer as a gratitude for so good profit. So he separated half of the proceeds to dealer as thanks. But because of no stamps he did not post this And went to bed. Struggling with his dilemma he lowered his gift to ten and to five pound and to one pound a by the time he post the letter. While going to post the cheque he found a place to play bridge and stopped to play. He spent all his money and finally even spent that one pound thinking its impractical to share profit with a dealer.

                This story may be trying to say that we are so tangles by the love of money that white it comes a matter of giving away money we think so many times, we rarely dare to give away money if we know it wasn't return with profit. Similarly it might be trying to show that when we go through dilemma of choosing among the options we may switch on from the former to the new one. And it is truly hard to switch on to a new and unique option from the a well –rooted attitude on a man. It also has shown the business policy all over the world. Everyone wants their loss and burdens to be shared but rarely anyone wants to share their profit.

                This story indeed portrays a good example about how a person can react when he is perplexed or has to decide certain things providing good moral that something we think ethical and morally true may be not always practical. Here in the figure some points are thinkable. Can there be a man who’s nature is to buy good at dearest cost and sell at cheap price as the friend of the narrator. If he really had sent those half of the proceeds that night would be.

                After reading this story I came to know that to know is a different matter and doing after knowing is a different matter. Our mind can evaluate a lot of things. So it often is unstable. Once even I was in a great dilemmas of joining a job offered. To me I was perplexed for a whole week weighing important of job for me. At one side, I started thinking to accept the job. But for the whole week I was puzzled either to join or not. So, many thought pondered. Sometime I thought to join but at last I decided not to. This story reminded me that incident 

Arriving at Shared Ground Through Difference (B Ed Comp English)

Arriving at Shared Ground Through Difference

                The essay 'Arriving at Shared Ground Through Difference' written by Daphne Marlatt shows a form of colonialism at work within the family. The writer was taught the King's English to behave and speak properly although she was exposed to other language there. At that time, she was a white colonial child there. She was trodden, scolded and ignored by others who spoke the Cantonese, Malay and Thai language. She wanted to understand their laughter, jokes, calls, exclamation, comfort and humming. She found that her English and her Amahs' (mother-substitutes') English were different although they understood each other. She realized that she grew up in loving the emotive sound of women's voices i.e Amah voices. But their experience was not considered crucial although they were devoted to take care of their Mem's children.

            The writer found differences between her English and her mother's English which had many intensifiers (e.g very, terribly, awfully, completely, etc.) emphatic sentence pitches and rising tones. She was taught to speak correctly but couldn't and felt embarrassed. She felt that the words she learnt there sounded funny in her mouth as if she were trying to speak counterfeit (false/fake) words. She realized that there was now a whole new level of her own vocabulary which sounded strange on the street. she had a long battle with her mother was trying to correct the daughter's the purity/accuracy of the origin but the daughter was correcting the mother's for common usage. Thus, they focused on two different versions (e.g formal and common usage forms) of the same language. Words were very seriously taken in her house because they were the weapons of their struggle on language. The writer thought that children are directly influenced by their mother's language but she found it different there. Her mother's words, her very style of speaking derided her own children. The writer's English was Canadianized. She denied her mother's English. Therefore, the mother withdrew into chronic depression and hypochondria. Thus, the writer finds a form of colonialism at work within the family.

Adaptive Failure: Easter's End

Adaptive Failure: Easter's End/ Jared Diamond, USA (1937-)

Literal Comprehension:  This chapter has described about how Easter Island vanished with its heavenly state to barren land. With different researchers the Island was discovered and studies a lot. It was a little paradise discovered by Dutch explorer Jacob Roggeveen in 1772 as sandy and wasteland. Easter Island has 64 square miles in the Pacific Ocean 2,000 miles nearest from South America. It was found barren, free less and having no animals beside insects. The paradise like Island has been destroyed without any ancient civilization, plants and animals. The visitors in 18th and 19th centuries found the population of the Island could be 2,000. James Cook found few people with three or four canoes and no capture of the Island by the Polynesian people. People didn't have any contact with other worlds.

The famous features of Island were its huge stone statues more than 200 stood together. The statues were very huge up to 270 tons, up to 500 feet tall and 10 feet long. This characteristic raises a question how those inhabitants came and constructed such huge statues. How could such statues be made without tools and resources? But by 1864 all the statues were fallen down. Some guessed that those Islanders might have ultramodern tools and they were more intelligent. After the experiments of skeleton the people were identified as Polynesian origin. Different analysis found that the island had been discovered at about 400 A.D. with population of 7,000 to 20,000. The Hausa tree was used for making rope and palm trees were used for many works of supply.

Other discoveries have pointed out that the first settlers of Easter Island ate mostly Fish sea flightless geese etc. with the increase of population people started to use forest for fires, Building, gardens, canoes transporting goods, etc. The 15th century was the indication of forest in the Easter Island and all trees species were totally extinct. Gradually, the forest disappeared and destroyed that made life of Islanders more uncomfortable. With the shortage of food sea birds and animals were also finished.  The government and people paid more attention to social and political aspects. That slowly made extinction of all species. The population was increasing rapidly. Government and people did not take this Earth's problem seriously. The present situation shows that politicians and business leaders are heedless about this destruction without noticing gradually damaged history of Easter Island. Still we do have history that awareness us not to be more careless to destroy out world civilization like of Easter Island.

Interpretation: This essay might be raising a strong but very much serious question: Isn't it possible to have the soon extinction of our present civilization as that of golden civilization Easter's Island?  Still the main focus of the writer seems to make conscious to world people, countries and political leaders to learn the lesson from the doomed civilization, histories etc. with causes and consequences. We want to save our present civilization to coming generations. The writer's main focus is to maintain our history and civilization to coming generations being much conscious and learn much from books and by one history. Easter's Island was a small paradise in past but now it has become an extinct, barren land. There are many more reasons behind the collapse of Easter Civilization.

Critical Thinking: We can easily accept that this essay has drawn out attention very much. It has talked about out life, history and coming generations and identities. Mostly the tone of this essay is pessimistic that we are going to face same doom as that of Easter's Island if we are coreless in our activities. We hardly raise any questions against the ideas presented. The main convincing idea is that people are less careful to ecological problems and matter of civilization. Still we are not so much careless people we don't care history and do according to our wishes. Rather we read history and past and see the way to future.

Assimilation: After going through this suggestive article I came to know that we modern people shouldn't be proud on our culture and civilization. We have to face the same fate as the vanished civilization did in past. Future must be judged and though at present. We have to learn a lot from the past. As looking to bygone history we can step how to go further. This chapter has made all the people how to live with natural resources and what should do for the upcoming generations. All environmental problems, pollution and threats to human existence is due to lack of proper utilization of natural resources.

Inclusive Education (B Ed 1st Year Compulsory English)

Inclusive Education

This article mainly focuses on the inclusive education that remained an issue education from a long year back. It mainly tires to find how the inclusive education plays an important role to enhance the citizens belonging to different strata in terms of language, geographical locations, ethnicity, gender, economic situation, culture, etc. to participate in the mainstream of social and political life and the national development.

           The author views that political speeches and good wishes are not sufficient for making the people able to participate in different kinds of political and socio-economic activities. There should be a separate provision i.e. educational provision to support and develop the mainstream. The different projects like primary education project. Basic and primary education project and primary education development project are launched according to the ideas of inclusive education. Many people were given the opportunities to the mainstream of education in an inclusive by developing materials for them, building the school infrastructures, training teachers and so on. Even today, the project is over, the different activities done in that period are worthy. The supply side of education by providing and supporting the different activities in the school environment, the entire systems are brushed up or developed to uplift the quality of education.

           With the pressure on the government as well as on civil society and concerned authorities, the system of inclusive education is finally implemented. Thus, for meaningful inclusion, the persons included most have the strength to serve the purpose for which they are included. There should be the participation of all level students to be part of an inclusive education. Necessity of internal mechanism and the entire system should be managed properly in order to implement this system appropriately. There are different ways to achieve the inclusion in education; however, it is not as easy as we think upon it. The current activities of government may not be adequate or sufficient to bring inclusiveness in its educational policy. The financial support is the important factor to conduct different projects. By the help of strong financial support, it is easy to provide the opportunities for implementing the inclusive education in all levels.

           Thus, to implement inclusiveness in education, it is necessary to consider mainly three issues; adequate school space, parental demands, and positive treatment in school.  Furthermore, the adequate space for children, parents, responsibility in education for their children and the managerial aspect in the school should be properly cared.

POSTMODERNISM IS EVERYWHERE (B Ed 1st Year Compulsory English)

POSTMODERNISM IS EVERYWHERE 

            The term postmodernism has been widely used for three decades. It started as an academic category related to certain developments in arts but immediately the term spread to show all sorts, shifts and changes in contemporary society and culture. By the mid-1980s, the term postmodernism had fully blossomed extensively in most of areas such as architecture, politic, literature, etc. Nowadays, it is not taken as a new concept. It has been included in humanities courses in the Western world. And it has been found to be the part of everyday speech all over the world.

            Some major points belonging to postmodernism are given below.

1.       Multiplying meanings: postmodernism is not, strictly speaking, a school of thought. It is not a unified intellectual movement with a define goal or perspective. It does not have a single dominant theoretician. The ideas about postmodernism have been taken from every discipline. Each area has its own term. Postmodernism has been increased. The meaning of post modernism in one discipline may be different from its meaning in other discipline. The concept of postmodernism has been complicated because there are multiple postmodernisms in existence. It is also a controversial subject in academic books. It has developed, ironically, a popular culture. Nowadays it has substantially contributed to a range of social and cultural transformations.it is hard to get to its bottom.

2.       A flexible term: postmodernism is a very flexible term. Perhaps three is a little truth in it. postmodernism can be:

i    an actual state of affairs in society.

ii.  the set of ideas which tries to define or explain this state of affairs.

iii. an artistic style, or an approach to the making of things.

iv. a word used in different contexts to cover many different aspects of all the above.     

            In addition to the above-written ways of thinking about postmodernism, there can be others, too. Postmodernism is the set of concepts and debates about postmodernism itself.

3.      New times: Although postmodernism is greatly flexible, it is not meaningless. It has the connotations of obscurity(insignificance)and elitism connected to so-called intellectual origin.

There are multiple themes of postmodernism in the new times. Some of them are.

i.                    Present society, culture and life style are different from the past ones.

ii.                  The themes are concerned with concrete subjects like the development in mass media, the consumer society and information technology.

iii.                The development of these concrete subjects have an impact on our understanding of more abstract matters such as meaning identity and reality.

iv.                 These themes claim that old styles of analysis are no longer useful. Therefore, new approaches and new vocabularies need to be created in order to understand the present.

Summary in English

            The essay 'Arriving at shared Ground Through difference' written by Daphne Marlatt shows a form of colonism at work within the family. The writer was taught the king's English to behave and speak properly although she was exposed to other language there. At that time, she was a white colonial child there. She was troded, scolded and ignored by others who spoke the Cantonese, Malay and Thai language. She wanted to understand their laughter, jokes, calls, exclamation, comfort and humming. She found that her English and her Amahs' (mother-substitutes') English were different although they understood each other. She realized that she grew up in loving the emotive sound of women's voices i.e Amah voices. But their experience was not considered crucial although they were devoted to take care of their Mem's children.

            The writer found differences between her English and her mother's English which had many intensifiers (e.g very, terribly, awfully, completely, etc.) emphatic sentence pitches and rising tones. She was taught to speak correctly but couldn't and felt embarrassed. She felt that the words she learnt there sounded funny in her mouth as if she were trying to speak counterfeit (false/fake) words. She realized that there was now a whole new level of her own vocabulary which sounded strange on the street. she had a long battle with her mother was trying to correct the daughter's the purity/accuracy of the origin but the daughter was correcting the mother's for common usage. Thus, they focused on two different versions (e.g formal and common usage forms) of the same language. Words were very seriously taken in her house because they were the weapons of their struggle on language. The writer thought that children are directly influenced by their mother's language but she found it different there. Her mother's words, her very style of speaking derided her own children. The writer's English was Canadianized. She denied her mother's English. Therefore, the mother withdrew into chronic depression and hypochondria. Thus, the writer finds a form of colonialism at work within the family.

Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western culture and the Body (A Review by Unisha Shrestha : Navodit College Kathmandu)

Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western culture and the Body

Women interested in understanding the cultural inscription placed on women. Susan Bordo in her article, " Unbearable weight" takes a very orthodox approach trying to explain and analyse hysteria, anorexia, bulimia and agoraphobia primarily in western American culture. I turned to her because many women of my age have decided to starve themselves.

As unbearable weight is made up of a series of inter-related essays that analyze different aspects of how the female's body is viewed in the contemporary western culture and while each essay approaches female embodiment in somewhat different angle. She does have a main argument. She argues that the psychopathologies such a s hysteria, anorexia and agoraphobia that arise within a particular culture are protests against certain cultural values instead of working to transform such values. Moreover, Bordo takes the psychologies that develop within the culture far from being ' anomalies' or aberrations, to be characteristic expressions of that culture i.e crystallization of a culture.

Though Bordo does express her ideas regarding the patriarchal structure of society in relation to how men dominate women because women are always taken as the weaker sex. She takes the claim that women are not just host of the body but they are also a part of the body. Importantly, Bordo takes a fully Foucoaulian perspective when talking about power, realizing that which individuals may aspire tp wild power, real power is actually a systematic norms. While Bordo's deployment of Foucoult's theories of power in her analysis of cultural bodily discipline is skillful, she with other author identifies' postmodernism' and 'post- structuralism'.

Most of the text has entitled to do with postmodernism at all; it's a discussion of the body in western culture, particularly at the time when it was written, though it also makes reference to earlier historical periods. Much time of the text is focused discussing eating disorders as logical outgrowths of contemporary society's conflicting attitudes towards hunger. At a point this criticism is quite confusing as earlier she was so critical of certain dualist perspectives. However, she seems to think that rejecting binary categories of ' masculine' and 'feminine' dangerously shift the focus from partical contexts to adequate theory.

Every women and men really should read this text and have their minds torn apart.

Clay James Joyce (B A 2nd Year Major English)

Clay

          James Joyce

·        James is the modern writer

·        He developed the stream of consciousness

·        Way in to the mind of character is called stream of consciousness

·        Theme: study of the spinster psychology-meaning, elements, language

·        Interpretation: study of the nature of human mind

·        Symbolic story:

1.     wedding cake

2.     blindfolding game

3.     play book

4.     water &

5.     clay

Critical commentary of the story

The story 'Clay" by James Joyce is related to the theme of the study of spinster (a'=s) psychology. By using the spinster character Maria as the typical character. James Joyce has related the reality that spinsters are haunted by the psychological problem of marital dream and they have always the single desire of fulfilling the marital life. The write has clearly reflected that spinsterhood also causes problem in the thinking label of Maria for the fulfillment of the marital desire. This spinsterhood also causes the problem of oblivion (habit of forget) to the marital desire. This reality is reflected in the story through the characterization of the Maria because almost all the time she is lost in the dream world her mirage. Her attraction to the colonel like man in the Tram (small train) and her sensitiveness to the ring and wedding cake justified that she is much tempted to her marital dream. Forgetting the plum cake and repeating and repeating the first verse of during the prayer by Maris also justify that spinsterhood cause oblivion to the ladies.

'Clay has been interpreted even in the other ways. This story also studies the nature of human mind and the flow of thinking in different ways. Sometime our mind goes to the back and some other times it is in the dream of future while it is also aware of the present time. This stage of mind is also reflected in Maria and is called 'epiphany' by James Joyce. In the same way this story is also reminds us the value and is importance of the golden children stage of or life. Maria and her brothers Joe & Alpha are very nostalgia and we become emotional when we recall our happy and innocent childhood. The story is exceptionally realistic. Moreover the problem of oblivion in mind, the nostalgic recalling of the childhood as the other incidents described in the stories us highly realistic.

The plot in this story is different from the traditional plot style because James Joey has used stream of consciousness technique in the story. By using such plot the writer has focused on the stream of consciousness in the mind of the story. As an Irish writer, Joyce has used the spatial setting of Ireland which temporal setting is the charismas eve. Maria is the central character and her characterization is a protagonist but there is also some (rustle) identity because she speaks a little through her nose and when she smiles the tip of her log chin. The other characters are the minor character and the focus over the story is always related to Maria as the central character. The use of 3^rd person narration in the story it gives omniscient point of view to the reader.

The story has the use of complex symbolic language such as ring, wedding cake, blind folding game; prayer book, water and clay are the strong symbols in the story. Ring and wedding cake are symbolizes the long desire of Maris which is her marital life. Blindfolding game is the symbol of human life with the blindness of future. Prayer book symbolizes the spiritual side of Maria's life and water symbolizes see journey or voyage and it is the allegory of human life because life is also a journey that begins after our birth. Clay is the most important symbols and it symbolizes the final destination of the journey of human life because at last after death we are converted in to clay. Even the 'Bible' says that the first man (Adam) was created from clay and even man changes in to clay after death. So the title of the story also symbolically tells us that clay is the final reality of all life. 

Moonlight Gay de Maupassant (B A 2nd Year Major English)

Moonlight

Gay de Maupassant

·        Critical analysis

·        Theme

·        Suggestion (Interpretation)

·        Type of story

·        Elements: plot, character, setting and narration

·        Use of language: symbols, images, metaphor and

Gay De Maupassant 'Moonlight' is a beautiful story having the study of human psychology. The story causes on the theme that human mind is never static but it is highly flexible and dynamic because there are so many changes in the ideas that we have in our mind. We are guided by some ideas in the beginning and while experiencing life, we acquit more and more new ideas so that the old and the false ideas are replaced by new and fresh ideas. This is the reality of human nature and this reality of human nature is clearly reflected in the story. The priest Abbemarigan used to think that he knew everything is complete without woman. This ideology of the priest was false values so in the later part of the story he realizes that he was false in the beginning. He replaced the old false values by the new value that neither man nor woman can be complete in the absence of one another. He concludes in the ending of the story that man and woman are two different bodies but only by the reunion of their soul they can be complete. This story is a good story since it has the movement of progress from negative ideology to positive one. In other words this story has the movement from ignorance to enlightenment which makes is a good story. The thinking of the priest that he knew all and his beginning attitude toward woman reflect his ignorance. In the ending of the story he realize that he does not know all and both genders are equally important which are his enlightenments? Such positive progress in the ideology of the priest suggests the story as a good story.

Gay De Maupassant in a 19^th century French realistic writer and he like in his other stories, he has used realism in this story. The portrayal of the priest as an all knowing man, his faith on god as well as his negative attitude to female reflects the realistic nature of all priest in general. The portrayal of his naughty niece who is irritated by his preaching his realism related to the nature of the young people. The desire of niece to keep the beautiful as a pet and to give love is another realism reflecting that all females want to be mother and they want love to the children, the priest avoiding his embracing niece is also related to another realism with the suggestion that all males wants to be father and give love to the children but it lacked in the priest which unconsciously handed him. The writer has also used realism in the other action and as well as setting in the story. 

'Moonlight' is the story with the tradition type of plot because action in this plot are developed in the order and sequence without any break and flashback characterization in this story is related to the middle class people. The priest as well as his niece is the typical character because the priest presents the common thinking of the priest is general and even the niece represent the typical nature of the young teenage girls. There is also the realism in this characterization. The setting in this story is also realistic because there is the description of countryside road, beautiful moonlight night and the river side. Narrated by the 3^rd person narrator the story gives us omniscient point of view.

Maupassant language in this story is extraordinarily beautiful because of the descriptive quality, images, symbols, metaphors, illusion and humors are used in this story. The beautiful night with silvery moon seam The subjects decorated by moonlight musical sounds by the insects, lovely river beds with poplars are some of the image of in the story Moonlight as the tile of the story symbolizes the source of knowledge Comparison of the woman with the trap and comparison of the river side of as a temple are the example of metaphorical comparison. There is also the allusion of /bible related to Eve and Edam garden. The priest cutting there times his nose and ear, while shaving him, it is a humor un the language of this story. 

Elements of Fiction (continued...) (B A 2nd Year Major English)

1.                 Fairy Tale

·        Like tale fairy tale is also the early form of story.

·        It is also a collected story in oral tradition with the anonymous author.

·        Fairy tale the subject matter is either the suffering of orphans or the prince hunting.

·        The setting of fairy tale is mostly countryside area.

·        There is the suffering of the virtue character by the cruelty of vice character in the beginning   
       like in 'Hansel and Gretel.'

·        But in the ending there is poetic justice or happy ending with the punishment to vice.

·        Fairy tale has a lot of magic or miracle with the use of supernatural element.

·        So its plot has romance and fantasy.

Like tale fairy tale is also an early form of story which is a collected story. It is orally transmitted from generation to generation even the author is eponymous in a fairy tale. The subject matter of a fairy tale can be seen in two ways. It can be either about the prince and prince's hunting in the jungle which is the reflection of the high class or it can also be the suffering of the helpless and poor orphans reflecting the low class. The story in a fairy tale begins with the suffering of the virtue of good characters due to the cruelty of vice or bad character like in 'Hansal and Greatel'. The virtue character experience suffering a lot but is poetic justice which means virtue characters win and vice character get punishment like in 'Hansal and Greatel'. All fairy tales have happy ending or true is no tragedy in the fairy tale.

Another significant feature of a fairy tale is that it was a lot of magic miracle which is not possible in our real life. There is the present of the super nature in the fairy tale like the which in 'Hansal and Greate'. Moreover there are also unbelievable action such as a cake house in the jungle and a bird helping the children to cross the river to Hansal and Greatel. This is called use of fantasy and romance in the plot of a fairy tale.

2.                 Realism and Realistic story

·        Realism is the 19th century movement in literature and realistic story is based on the theory of realism.

·        This theory focus on depicting literature as the mirror of reality by using real like character and setting and probable action.

·        In fiction realism has been much popularized by English writer Charls Dickens friench writer Moupassant and Russian writer Chekhov.

·        Realistic story have no use of fantasy and romance in plot.

·        Guy De Moupassant's 'Moonlight' or james joice 'Clay' are same example of realistic stories.

Realism is a great movement in the 19^th century that was developed and used in literature. Realism is the theory related to the ideology that literature as the mirror of reality should reflect and represent the real world as its true picture. In other words realism is always concerned with depicting the real world in the imaginary world of fiction. Realistic story are based on the theory of realism and the realistic writers use the real like character and setting along with the probable action which are possible to happen in reality. Realistic stories were produce in England by Charles Dickens. Guide Maupassant in France and Anton Chekhov in Russia. Maupassant 'Moonlight' and James Joyce's 'Clay' are same example of realistic story. The plot of the realistic story is completely different from the plot of fairy tale because the plot of such story there are not only magical and miraculous actions every probable real like action happen in the realistic story. So the plot of a realistic story has no use of fantasy and romance.

3.                 Fabulation

·        19^th century was dominated by realism.

·        20^th century story writer related to realism and developed a new story called fabulation.

·        Fabulation is the combination between realism and fantasy it has the word like the realistic story and that of a fairy tale.

·        This type of story is more complex and satiric in narration.

·        It has the use of some serious tragic element.

·        Such story always gives some moral lesson to the readers.

The 19^th century was completely dominated by realism and realistic stories were highly popular during this period. 20^th century story writers produced a new story which is called fabulation developed as a reaction to realism in fiction. The writers of fabulaton combined realism and fantasy so fabulation is like a realistic story as well as a fairy tale. In order words it has the use of element of element found in a realistic on the one hand and on the other hand it has also the use of fantasy and mystery like in a fairy tale.

But fabulation is neither a realistic story on a fairy tale because it has its different features. This  story has the setting of modern world and  it is strongly satiric in style the satire in fabulation is address to the modern corrupted people. This story id always tragic to reflect the growing tragedy of the modern world. In the same way fabulation always gives a serious moral lesson to the people. D.H. Loreence's ' the rocking horse winner' is a best example of the fabulation. In this story as a fabulation there is batter satire to the materially corrupted modern people and a serious moral lesson that material corruption leads towards destruction.

4.                  Meat- fiction

·        Fiction is the produced of the writer's imaginary characters and action.

·        Meta fiction is also a type of fiction but it is a different style of writing fiction.

·        Meta means beyond and fiction means story this combination reflects that meta-fiction is not only story but is different style of writing fiction.

·        In reality writers of meta-fiction tell the readers about the process of writing the story but something out of it.

·        In meta-fiction we are informed that a story is not ready but product of fancy.

·        Writes of meta-fiction tell us that the author is like god and fiction is just creation.

·        It is the author who create & action but in the way he likes.

·        He makes it clean that fictional world is not reality but an illusion & reality.

·        John Fowls the French lieutenant's the French lieutenant's woman is the best example of meta-fiction.

Fiction generally means the imaginary world created by the writer with the imaginary character and action and meta-fiction is also the kind if fiction which is a different stage of writing the story. The word meta-fiction is made up of the words: 'meta' and 'fiction'. The word Meta means beyond of out and the fiction means story. This combination of the word clearly reflects and idea that meta-fiction there is the story character and action like in the other story but in such story of meta-fiction, there is also a lot of comment related to how a story is created.

The writer of meta-fiction tell the reader the reality that is almost powerful like god and everything in fiction such as characters and actions are controlled by author. Moreover it is also clear in a meta-fiction that characters and action ate presented in the way that the author likes to present them. Even though fictional word look like reality, the writer's of the meta-fiction tells us that fiction is not the reality but it is an illusion of the reality. The illusory world if fiction is created just for the pleasure. The French lieutenant's 'woman' by Jhon fowls is the best example of the meta-fiction.

Elements of Fiction (continued...) (B A 2nd Year Major English)

1.                           Juxtaposition and repetition: the pattern structure of fiction.

·        Juxtaposition and repetition are related to design/pattern/structure of a fiction.

·        Juxtaposition is the repetition of a story with many and single resolution.

·        Repetition is the repeated use of an image, a symbol or an action.

·        Juxtaposition is focus determines the design in plot.

·        Repetition in focus determines the design in meaning.

Juxtaposition and repetition are two different aspects which are related to the structure of design of fiction. Juxtaposition literary means potting together in development of a fiction if write a uses or developed more than one plot, it is called juxtaposition in fiction. In such story more than one plot are parallel developed but in the resolution or ending, all are conclude together on the other hand, repetition is the repeated use of an image, an action or symbol by the writer in a fiction. In such use of repetition there is no juxtaposition but a definite image or symbol becomes important.

Juxtaposition and repetition is very important in determining the structure or design of a fiction. If a fiction has the use of juxtaposition without the use of any repetition plot becomes important and we should analyze the structure of the design with the focuses on plot. But if the writer has used the repetition, plot is not important but it is the meaning that is important. With the help of the repetition, we should analyze the meaning of the fiction and in such fiction meaning becomes structure or the design. So the structure or the design of a fiction is determined by two elements: juxtaposition and repetition. If the focus is over the juxtaposition, plot is the design and if the focus is repetition meaning is the design.

2.                           Meaning in fiction

·        Every text carries out meaning and fiction too has meaning.

·        Meaning is the product of interpretation and intelligent leaders interpret meaning easily.

·        T.S. Eliot claim there is nothing except to be intelligent seems to be right.

·        But except that, there is nothing to help make meaning they are:

1.     title of the next

2.     author's/narrators comment

3.     a special scene or action

4.     use of repetition

Every next caries out meaning and fiction too caries out meaning and meaning is not produced itself but it is the produced of our interpretation of the text. Intelligent readers easily interpret and make meaning. So T.S. Elite's comment "there is nothing to be intelligent" seems to be a right and suitable remake about making meaning of a fiction except our intelligence there are also some other hints which help us to make meaning of the text they are briefly describes below.

1.                 Title of the text-some text has such a title which helps us to guess some meaning. For example the title 'shooting and elephant' more or less gives some idea to guess that the whole story is related to shooting an elephant.

2.                 The author or narrator comment in some stories or other text, there is the comment given by the author or the narrator. By reading such comment, we can guess meaning of the text. Eitzriled's comment about the Great Gatsby helps us to guess that the whole novel about the American society after the 1^st World War.

3.                 a special scene or action -in some texts, a special scene or action can be very helpful to guess it's meaning. The narrator of 'Shooting of an elephant's riding a pony and going to market with the gun is sense that help us to guess a meaning that the story is about British colony in Asia because the narrator is a white man.

4.                 Use of repetition - some texts has the replaced use of an image or an action. Such repetition is also helpful to make meaning in the story called 'clay' the repeated use of Maria's long nose and long chain helps us to guess that the story is related to Maria's life and ugliness.

3.                 Tale

·        Tale is the oldest forms of story. A collective story and the author are unknown.

·        It has oral tradition shifted from generation to generation.

·        Love money of social position used as subject matter

·        But most of the tales are love story either comic of tragic.

·        Good tales have the comic word at first, tragic in the middle and again comic in the ending.

·        Every tale has the use of ironic in plot.

Tale is the oldest form of story because it is an orally transmitted that one generation to another generation. As an early forms of story tale is collected story which is anonymous identity of the author and such story has completely oral tradition. In tale love money and social position and are the subject matter in general but most of the tales are love stories and they have both comic and tragic resolution. In other words, take may have happy ending as well as the possibility of sad ending. Good tales are those storied which have the combination of both comic and tragic elements. The plot of good tale begins with comic atmosphere but in the middle part there is the tragic atmosphere and finally there is comic ending like in the window of Ephesus.

All tales have the use of irony in the plot. Irony is the contrast or opposite between appearance and reality. In other words irony means the difference between that looks like true and what is the exact true. In the tale the window of Ephesus, there is irony in plot because there is contrast between what the window says and what see finally does in the story.