Thursday, November 8, 2012

Mediaval Muslims


            The Mediaval Muslims produced remarkable literature on geography and travel that contained significant material of historical interest. The widest nature of the Islamic empire, the universal practice of pilgrimage to Mecca, trade and commerce and the necessities of administration and diplomacy were some prominent influences for the history of Muslim world. The postal system the Abbasid empire was a cpmtomiatopm pf the fpr,er [ersoam amd Byzantine system  and it really facilitated communication between countries and people. With the travel, the development of a considerable geographical and ethnotgraphical literature flourished in the form of travelogues. Among the travelers, Ibn Batuta was the prominent one. His travels covered all over theAsia. Hi wrote about Muhammad Tughlak. He had included his personal knowledge and experience to writer about Tughlak monarch in his Pihla.
            Ibn Khaldoun was the most celebrated thinker and historian of the Islamic world. He wrote a famous book- Kitab-al-Ibal ( Universal History) which dealt with civilization and its essential characteristics and its influence upon human beings. The book mentioned the story of the Arabs. He expounded his philosophy of the author rather his sociological view of history. He used his subtle genius which remained a masterpiece.
Ibn focused on the historian’s craft for the simple reason that the knowledge of the past might be untrue. He lay down the principles of  historical criticism like Vico. Ibn had not included the supernatural elements in his writing. So, he  dismissed a thousand stories as being incompatible. Ibn pointed the lack of  historical insight of annalists and historians to think and to check. He focused on the skeptical mind of historians. He explained the source of error that made objective history impossible. The first error of historians, he pointed was partiality and the second error was the ignorance. These two errors made any historians uncritical. He was in favour of the application of knowledge of the state of society to history could distinguish truth from falsehood.
In the Muqaddima, Ibn studied the genetal laws of historical development and cause of historical changed and he presented a cyclic view of history. For him, history was information about human social organization and history was the seience of culture. According to him, culture was generated by material cause, formal cause, deeicient cause and final cause. He propounded his idea that culture was the subject to the laws of birth, growth and decay. He explained the historical process in terms of the sociological phenomenos and he asserted the science of human society. The center of his world was man.
            As Herbert Butterfield writes that The first detailed studies on the subject of historiography itself and the first critiques on historical methods appeared in the works of the Arab Muslim historian and historiographer Ibn Khaldun (1332-1406), who is regarded as the father of historiographycultural history,  and thephilosophy of history, especially for his historiographical writings in theMuqaddimah (Latinized as Prolegomena) and Kitab al-Ibar (Book of Advice). His Muqaddimah also laid the groundwork for the observation of the role ofstatecommunicationpropaganda and systematic bias in history,  and he discussed the rise and fall of civilizations.
Ibn Khaldoun stood alone among Islamic writers in his attempt to connect history with political science and forms of sociological inquiry. On the other hand, he was a good economist. He analyzed the role of labor and he observed that when population increased, the amount of labor increased with surplus and this surplus was channeled to luxuries. He used discursive method in all his work that was useful only in the classroom than for a general reading public. Ibn’s scheme was fit for the circumstances of North Africa but it was not for universal application. He brought a religious and theocratic atmosphere- rational, scientific and secular views which were expressed later by Vico and Machiavelli. Writer Y. Lacoste “ If Thucydides is the inventor of history , Ibn introduces history as a science.”
            The method of source criticism in Islamic historiography is called Isnad-as a method tries to ascertain on event by tracing it to the person who actually participated in it. The Islamic historical tradition was a chain of authorities. The Muslim history was the recollection of the sayings and deeds of the Prophet Muhammad.  

No comments:

Post a Comment

Featured Post

The Hidden Life of Garbage Questions and Answers

  The Hidden Life of Garbage Questions and Answers Comprehension 1.      According to Rogers, why are landfills “tucked away, on the edge ...

Labels

summary BA English BBS English Critical Thinking and Problem Solving Nepal AFP TU Business English four levels AI AR BA 2nd year Compulsory English BA First Year BASW BBA VII BBS 1st year Billy Budd: The tragedy of justice Compulsory English ESG Exam Gaia Shreedhar Lohani Love Piano Pokhara University Question The Four-Tusked Elephant The Great Gatsby The Lunatic Third Thoughts Third Thoughts / Four Levels BBS FIRST YEAR / TU / BUSINESS ENGLISH / VR What is poverty? Why Chinese mothers are Superior - Chua Amy bias billy budd data privacy education four level healthcare machine learning sustainability term paper tribhuvan university "No Problem" - Jennifer Halperin 4 years course A Concept Paper for PhD A Descriptive Essay A Synopsis A THOUSAND SPLENDID SUNS A strategic approach to academic reading AERIAL AGGRESSION AMERICAN VALUES AND ASSUMPTION ASSESSMENT ASSIGNMENT Abraham Adaptive Failure: Easter's End Ahab and Naboth Albert Wendt American Studies Analysis Antarderisti Anyway? Appetite Appraise Arriving at Shared Ground Through Difference B A second year. comp English. BA 2nd year English BA English Notes BAGHDAD BBA BBA English BBS English Notes BBS first Year New course BBS second year English BRITAIN BSW BSW 2nd year Baltimore Bible Billy Billy Budd: A catharsis of the feelings of pity and fear Borangkhola Bazar: A Historical and Cultural Hub in Eastern Lamjung Bruce Catton CONGO CRITICAL AND CREATIVE THINKING CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY Captain Vere Characteristics Chua Amy Claggart Clay Communicating in a World of Inter-culturally Compulsory English BA First Year 2081 Compulsory English I Cooperative Critical Thinking Test Questions Cultural Practice DAMASCUS DANCE Daniel Engber Dansker Dasarath Neupane Debate on Globalization Doubting Thomases ECONOMICS ENVIRONMENTAL CRISIS ESSAY Element of Fiction English Test Second Term Grade 7 English literary canon Example FIRE FRANCE Flax Golden Tales Notes Friendship Friendship Chapter 3 Write to be Read BBS 1st Year English Tribhuvan University GAYLE ROSENWALD SMITH GMT Gay de Maupassant Govt Grant and Lee: A Study in Contrast HUMOR AND SATIRE Half a dozen journalists aspiring to file candidacy in Horace Freeland Jrdson How Sane Are We? How to Draw Map of Nepal I BA First Year IMPORTANCE OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IRAQ Immanuel Kant Inclusive Education Invitation Is There Safe Way to Drink ? Isaac JAPAN James Joyce Jyoti Ghimire KAZEMBE KHALED HOSSEINI Kathmandu Kathmandu Valley Kavre district. Sub Inspectors Tamang and Thapa Keeping Errors at Bay Kenneth J. Pakenham King Ahab and Naboth LUBUMBASHI Lamjung District Laxmi Prasad Devkota Let Them Drink Water Life With out Chiefs Lisa Davis Literature Review Steps Los Pobres MACHHAPOKHARI MARKETING MASSIVE MBA MBS MORTAR MOSUL MSC Making Connections Making of a Scientist Managerial Communication Marris Chafetz Mass Media And Technology Melvile Merchant of Venice Michael Ventura Mid term Model Question Set Moonlight Morang Mr. Know-all NATIONAL NEWS NATURAL SCIENCE Nepali culture New Directions No Pay ? Many Interns Say OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES ORIGIN OF THE EARTH POSTMODERNISM IS EVERYWHERE PU Paramhansa Yogananda Paris Patterns for College Writing A Rhetorical Reader and Guide Laurie G. Kirszner Stephen R. Mandell Patterns for college writing PhD Scholar Introduction CHAPTER ONE PhD Thesis Problem Statement Purpose Quest of Divinity in Autobiography of a Yogi Question Set 1 Question Setting Guidelines Question and Answer RSS Rabindranath Tagore Raj Kumar Gurung of Devdaha Reason to Write Renaissance: Impact on English Literature Richard Rodin Rodin in Baltimore Rodin in Paris Rodin in Paris and Rodin in Baltimore Rupandehi district and Arjun Bahadur Lama of Shikar Ambote VDC Rural Development SCHOOL SYRIA Sambat Tamang and Surya Bahadur Thapa Scarlet Letter Science and The “Spirits” Scientific Inquiry: Invention and Text Second Term Exam Set 3 Major English 421 BA First Year Practice Question Tribhuvan University Shakespeare Style Susan Bordo TOKYO TRILOK TROOPS Television The Brave little parrot The Hidden Life of Garbage Questions and Answers The Human Condition The Lunatic Laxmi Prasad Devkota The Making of a Scientist The Rage To Know The Sick Rose The Telegram on the Table Then and Now : Finding My Voice To Know a Fly Towards a New Oceania Trilok Academy Kathmandu Trilok school Types of Essay UKG : Online Class UN UNO USA Vaccination Fund Vinblastine WIFE-BEATER What does a person need in order to climb out of poverty? What is globalization? What is intelligence Where do we stand? Where the Mind is Without Fear Why Chinese mothers are Superior: Vocabulary Projects Why Vampires Never Die - Guillermo Del Toro and Chuck Hogan Question Answers William Blake Wretched stone Write to be Read adhikari advantages of arranged marriage agony answer arranged marriage assimilation autobiographical story billy's innocence and guilt casuists christ on the cross communicative approach critical thinking crust dietary earth earth quake elements of fiction evil existence of good and evil fabulation fairy tale feminism food choice gaseous theory good haiku hot girl interior structure of the earch interpretation ironist kanon landforms literal comprehension lithosphere living in a multicultural society major English 12 mantle moralist mountain museum new course novice paniroti plot policy poor and powerless poverty problem purpose and audience pyrosphere questions researcher second edition sets up setting sial story style and structure surkhet the challenge of diversity tourism in Nepal vincristine worker