The title of the
present study is "ASSESSING POLICY
IMPACT UPON DEVELOPMENT OF CO-OPERATIVES IN NEPAL ". This thesis is
conducted for academic purpose. The
proposed study aims to undertake a survey amongst tea, dairy and credit
co-operative societies to assess, identify and evaluate the business,
financial, social and managerial aspects of the selected co-operatives based on
policy impact. Policy is a principle or protocol, which guides to right
decisions and achieve rational outcomes(Torjman, 2005).
The ecological and
socio-economic description of the research area marks the importance of
research. Nepal is an under developing south Asian landlocked country. It is
located between economically emerging two great nations India and China. Ecologically,
it consists of three parts: mountain, hill and plain from north to south
respectively. The physical coverage of
mountain is 15%, hill 68% and terai 17%. The current census 2011 published the
data of total population of the nation is 26,620,809. The data showed that the population increase rate
is 1.34 percent per annum(Census 2011). However, the economic
growth rate is not satisfied. Nepal is an
agrarian country. More than sixtyper cent of its population is dependent on
agriculture. In the context of unavailability of modern agricultural
technology, institutional loan, storage facilities, market, cooperative is an
appropriate device. Thus, it was introduced as one of the important segments
under the First Five Year Plan (1956-61) of Nepal. The cooperative development
activities have been continued until the present Interim Plan. It shows that
there is long history of cooperative in Nepal even though performance is still
poor. Why there is only quantitative growth rather than qualitative is the main
cause of poor implementation of policies.
The Cooperative Movement of Nepal has dramatically
been changed by the enactment of Cooperative Act, 1992. The National
Cooperative Federation of Nepal Limited [NCF], an apex body of the cooperative
movement of Nepal, registered on June 20, 1993 under the Cooperative Act, 1992,
was voluntarily and jointly organized by cooperatives of different levels based
on universally accepted cooperative principles. At present NCF has a membership
of 3 Central Co-operative Unions, 1 National Cooperative Bank, 58 District
Level Co-operative Unions and 7 Single Purpose Primary Co-operative Societies.
Cooperatives are businesses owned and controlled by the people who
use them. Cooperatives differ from other businesses because they are member
owned and operate for the benefit of members, rather than earn profits for investors.
Co-operative is a form of business enterprises, or community organization,
incorporated in service to its members and users, in order to meet their common
economic, social and cultural needs and aspirations. Co-operative is jointly-owned
and democratically controlled by its members and users on the basis of one
member, one vote(Alliance, 1995).
Co-operatives follow democratic, participatory and transparent
decision-making processes and organizational structures so that their members
and users (i.e. owners, workers and consumers) may be directly responsible for
benefiting themselves and the society in general. Co-operatives are based on
the value of self-help, mutual help, self-responsibility, democracy, equality,
equity and solidarity. Co-operative members believe in the ethical values of
honesty, owners, social responsibility and caring for others. "The
cooperative business structure provides insurance, credit, health care,
housing, telephone, electrical, transportation, child care, and utility
services."(Why Cooperatives Are
Organized?, 1995, p. 1). Members use cooperatives to buy food,
consumer goods, and business and production supplies. "Farmers use
cooperatives to market and process crops and livestock, purchase supplies and
services, and to provide credit for their operations."(Why Cooperatives
Are Organized?, 1995, p. 1). Such farmers own
cooperatives are also called agricultural cooperatives. An agricultural
cooperative is an association of people who join together to engage in the
production of agricultural products. Farmers seeking to organize cooperatives
are usually seeking the benefits of economies of scale. Many farmers with
common interests may organize through cooperatives and strengthen their market
power.
Co-operation
as a form of human organization has been in existence since the beginning of civilization.
In a broad sense, the differenttypes of exchangeand reciprocal relations which
existedin pre-industrialsocieties and which were crucial for survival of its
members could be regarded as co-operative action. These types of co-operation
are however different from what we now understand as the co-operative movement.
The origins of co-operation as a formal movement can be traced to the first
half of the nineteenth century in the philosophy of Robert Owen(Bhowmik, 1988). The first
co-operative was started bya handful of weavers in England in 1844 and was
known as the Equitable Pioneers of Rochdale(Bhowmik,
1988).
The basic principles governing the functioning of this co-operative were later
adopted by the co-operative movement all over the world. These were, “one vote
for each member, sale at market prices and division of profits among
shareholders on the basis of the extent of patronage(Hough, 1966, p. 44).”
Co-operatives in the present do not function
merely as mutual benefit societies. They have in addition certain social
obligations which are spelt out in the principles of co-operation. The
commission on co-operative principles, appointed by the International Co-operative
Alliance in 1964, noted in its report that "co-operation at its best aims
at something beyond promotion of interests of the individual members ...(Report of the Commission
on Co-operative Principles, 1976)”. Its object is
rather to promote the progress and welfare of the humanity. It is this aim that
makes a co-operative society something different from an ordinary economic
enterprise and justifies its being tested, not simply from the standpoint of
its business efficiency, but also from the standpoint of its contribution to
the moral and social values which elevate human life above the merely material
and animal. This implies that there is a qualitative difference between the
earlier forms of co-operation and the present co-operative societies. The
earlier exchange relations were a result of the existing socio-economic
formations. These relations were not aimed at altering the economic relations
in the society they operated in.
On the contrary, they played a functional
role and contributed towards perpetuating the system. The co-operative movement
on the other hand grew out of a need to change the existing society. The early
co-operators such as the Rochdale Pioneers and Robert Owen in England, Herr
Schulze and F W Raiffeinsenin Germanypropagatedthe co-operative movement as an
alternative to the exploitative nature of capitalist society in nineteenth
century Europe(Bhowmik, 1988). Co-operation for
them was a vehicle through which capitalist exploitation couldbe replacedby an
egalitarian and just society. They envisioned co-operatives not as bodies which
were functional to their respective societies but as instruments for
transforming their societies. In this way, the objectives of co-operatives
differ not only from those of private enterprise but also from traditional
forms of exchange and reciprocal relations. Thus, co-operatives are good in
nature and sound well. However, its functions are very important, from which
the members can be benefited. The core of development of co-operatives is fully
relied on the implementation of policies. Thus, the next section follows with
the concept of policy.
Policy is a broad concept that consists of
several dimensions. It is a principle or protocol, which guides to right
decisions and achieve rational outcomes(Torjman, 2005). It is heart of any
institution either government owned or private. Policies are directions to
plan. "They are a road map management can follow to research goals and
attain objectives"(Rapp, 1990, p. 1). Thus, policy is the
guideline to achieve the goal of organization and broader concepts to set up
action plan. The policy is made based on objectives of organization and action
plan controls to achieve objectives. Further explanation of the policy is given
in Chapter Two: Literature Review.
"A policy is a statement that
provides guidelines for actions to attain the established objectives of the
cooperative and reflect the cooperative’s basic philosophy"(Rapp, 1990, p. 1). Policies are
direction to plans. Well written policy facilitates are delegation of authorityto
the lowest realistic level in the cooperative. Written policystatements are
supposed to be a major factor of each cooperative’splanning activity. So that,
these policies reflect thecooperative’s basic philosophy and assist as
guidelines foractions the cooperative takes to achieve its established
objectives.Rapp (1990) states policies are
not all of equal importance. Some policies are of such significance they
determine the character of the business. Others are limited in scope and could
be changed or eliminated without effect.
It was nineteen fifties after the end of Rana regime
and establishment of democracy in Nepal, the co-operative movement started.
Formally, in Nepal the concept of co-operative started in 1956 AD(Thakuri, 2011). The cooperative credit societies were the first institutional
sources of supplying credit to the farmers in Nepal. Due to lack of
institutional credit facilities, the farmers were the subject of individual
moneylenders throughout the country and such domination of the private credit
agencies had been increasing the rural indebtedness. In such critical situation
the concept of cooperative movement was realized for the rural economic
development and His Majesty’s Government created a Cooperative Development in
1953.From the government level of Nepal, the
policy level body: cooperative department was first established under the
Ministry of Planning Development and Agriculture in 1953 AD.
The first co-operative act of Nepal was issued in 1959
AD(Thakuri, 2011). Similarly, in 1961,
Co-operative Training Centre was established to educate and train the members
who were participated in co-operatives. In the
beginning, the Department faced several problems such as the lack of
legislative framework, lack of proper consciousness of the people towards the
cooperative system, lack of persons educated in cooperative principles and
methods. The prominent obstacle to the department was the extremely inadequate
fund for the development of cooperative spirit (NRB, 1972).
The
country’s socio-economic condition was very poor after the establishment of
democracy in 1951. A vast amount of agricultural land was under the control of limited
proprietors. Farmers were out of credit system and marking facilities were
rudimentary. Government formulated a long-term plan to develop the economic
condition of the people by allocating and mobilizing the scattered resources
together and enabled them to work with cooperation by establishing cooperatives
(Lal, 1974).As the cooperative
movement had proven effective in other countries in promoting economic
activities of the farmers, the government established a cooperative Development
in 1953 under Ministry of Planning and Agriculture and identified three major
problem, i.e. (a) need for cooperative legislation: (b) training of cooperative
personnel, and cooperative organization (Prabashi, 1965).
Just
after the establishment of Cooperative Department, the department conducted
surveys in Kathmandu for formulating some rules and regulations for the
establishment and registration of cooperatives. By the time settlement program
for landless people was started in Chitwan District under the Rapti Valley Multipurpose Development
Program. For this purpose, government established 13 credit Cooperative
Societies in 1956 as part of the resettlement program for the flood stricken
people under financial and technical support of the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID) on experimental basis. These cooperatives
were provisionally registered under an executive order of His Majesty’s
Government of Nepal.Considering the necessary rules and regulations for
managing and guiding cooperatives effectively and efficiently, the first
cooperative Act was promulgated in 1959, which provided legal entity, among
other things, to all cooperatives previously registered under the executive
order. Similarly, with many more vicissitudes in policies National Cooperative
Policy of Nepal 2012 has promulgated. The detailed explanation of development
of co-operatives in Nepal in different plans is given in Chapter Two:
Literature Review.
1.1.3.
Present status of cooperative
in Nepal
By the year of 2012, there are 3620420 shareholders of co-operative(Dahal, 2012, p. 30). Dahal further
reports that there are 25353 primary co-operatives, 11594 Credit co-operatives,
1785 Dairy co-operatives and 100 Tea co-operatives. There are 15 central
cooperative organizations and national cooperative bank in the country. According
to the co-operative department, there are 40 Tea co-operatives in Illam
district, where there are 1957 male and 485 female shareholders. Similarly,
there are 119 Dairy co-operatives, and 7644 male and 1148 female shareholders. There
are 53 Credit co-operatives, and 3381 male and 3819 female shareholders.
The history of co-operative
in Nepal is longer but lack of knowledge, policy and market it was shadowed for
long time. With the implementation of the Cooperative Act 1992, it has got
shaped come into organization, even though it is not well structured till now.
The co-operative policy is the main factor to shape it into maturity. Because
of the political inconsistency, agricultural co-operatives as well as credit
co-operatives have not been flourished well. The same kind of scenario is found
in Illam district, the far eastern district of Nepal. This tension is in
essence the research problem. The key questions that follow from this tension are:
What is the role of
co-operative policy in the development of co-operatives?
What is the role of
co-operatives to address the three pillars of the national economic policy and
what must be in the future?
What will be the
role of co-operatives in federal Nepal?
What is the role of
co-operatives to uplift the socio-economic status of rural people?
What is the impact
of Co-operatives in each village program launched by the previous government (Gaungaun ma sahakarigharghar ma bhakari)?
This study, to the best knowledge of the
researcher, is the most extensive piece of contemporary research on the tea,
dairy and credit co-operative sectors in Nepal. The study of development policy
of government, its impact on the co-operative, co-operative theory and practice
in Nepal is important as the
government of Nepal
has accepted co-operative is the one of the three pillars of the national
economy. As such, the study is of significance to academic research related to
the present development policies, relevance of it due respect of co-operatives,
business structures, agricultural restructuring, agricultural economics and
national economics. The study contributes to these areas of study by commenting
on overlooked drawbacks of policies and examining the co-operative business
model as possible sustainable economic sources to the targeted groups and the
nation.
In terms of application, this study will
enhance understanding of tea, dairy and credit co-operative behaviors within
the Nepalese context. This will contribute to the knowledge base for policy
makers within government, and to those working in the agricultural
industry, the agro-political sector and the wider Nepalese co-operative movement.
The study also highlights issues related to the internal organizational
behaviour of tea, dairy and credit co-operative businesses as these
organizations adjust to unfolding changes in the tea supply chain.
Employing
qualitative research methodology, specifically in-depth interviews for the case
studies, as an alternative to the more commonly applied quantitative method, is
also another contribution to the field of tea, dairy and credit co-operative
studies. This approach enables the ‘voice’ of actors from within tea, dairy and
credit co-operatives and other institutions influencing the co-operative sectors
to be distinctively heard throughout the study.
Although the study
gives some background information on the history of the tea, dairy and credit
co-operatives in Ilam district, the case studies focus primarily on these three
types of co-operative and institutional behaviour at the present. The case
studies therefore provide a valuable base line for future research. The study
also demonstrates that co-operatives in Nepal are organizations that merit
further academic research and industry support.
Insofar as the study is concerned only with
the Ilam district tea, dairy and credit co-operatives sector and the way it
interfaces with political and economic factors, it has some limitations. The study
does not address the behaviour of the other co-operative sector in other parts
of Nepal
or internationally. Lastly, the study makes only passing reference to the
potential role of the tea, dairy and creditco-operative structures to rural
community economic development. This is a subject worthy of further
investigation.
In Nepal, a few numbers of studies have been
conducted on the performance of co-operatives. A study conducted by the Asian
Development Bank for the purpose of Rural Co-operatives Project in Nepal (December, 1984)concludes that the member participation in the co-operatives in
Nepal is very weak. Likewise, a report entitled “SahakaritaKo Bhawi Disha (Future Directions of Cooperatives)” (1993) identified various activities to be taken by the cooperatives
on the Impact of Liberal Economic Policy
on Cooperatives, Review of Existing Cooperative Policy and Role of Cooperatives in Poverty
Alleviation.
The
main objectives of the General Conference were to set up the future directions
of co-operative movement and to identify the scope and programs of
co-operatives. The General Conference identifies some of the key areas to be
reformed. They are increment of dealership commission to the co-operatives,
co-operativization of public corporations, structural reform of co-operatives,
conduct of women and adult literacy classes by co-operatives, involvement of
co-operatives on environment conservation, establishment of co-operative
ministry and co-operative bank etc. Hence, the researcher has undertaken this
study to find out the impact of the co-operative policy towards the
co-operatives (especially tea, dairy and credit co-operatives) : leadership
selection, responsibilities of leadership, selection of executive members,
members, participation, their perception, socio-economic status promoted by the
cooperatives in Nepal.
1.4 Objectives of
the Study
The importance and possibilities of the
co-operative in the socio-economic development of the poor and marginal people
are multifarious. They have a number of contributions in the local resource
generation and mobilization through the joint effort of the community. However,
all these possibilities are promoted as well as limited because of the
co-operative policy. Hence, the proposed study aims to undertake a survey
amongst tea, dairy and credit co-operative societies to assess, identify and
evaluate the business, financial, social and managerial aspects of the selected
co-operatives.
The specific objectives of the study are as
follows:
·
To find
out the managerial constraints of co-operatives;
·
To
identify the obstruction of co-operative policies to gain the best outstanding
of the tea, dairy and credit co-operatives;
·
To
provide relevant suggestions and recommendations for the proper development of
co-operative societies;
In the present context, this study proposes
to find out the answers to the following questions about the co-operatives in
Nepal:
1)
There is quantitative growth of
co-operatives rather than qualitative.
2)
Rural co-operatives are in loss
lack of managerial tactics.
3)
Lacks of co-operative
education, members are not aware of policy, principles, objectives and
management of co-operatives.
4)
Management committee has not
been influenced by the co-operative policies to manage the co-operatives
perfectly.
“Worldview refers to the
culturally-dependent, generally subconscious, fundamental organization of the
mind. This organization manifests itself as a set of presuppositions or
assumptions, which predispose one to feel, think, and act in predictable
patterns"(Cobern &
W.W., 1991, p. 2).
Worldview is
defined as "a basic set or belief that guides action" (Guba, 1990, p.
17). Worldviews are overall orientation about the world and the nature of
research that a researcher holds. These worldviews are shaped by the discipline
area of the student, the beliefs and advisers and faculty in a student‘s area,
and past research experiences. The types of beliefs held by individual
researchers will often lead to embracing a qualitative, quantitative or mixed
methods approach in their research. Four different worldviews are discussed:
post-positivism, constructivism, and advocacy/participatory, and pragmatism.
Figure
1: Philosophical worldviews
Postpositivism
- Determination
- Reductionism
- Empirical observation and measurement
- Theory verification
|
Constructivism
-Understanding
-Multiple participant meanings
-Social and historical construction
-Theory generation
|
Advocacy/Participatory
-Political
-Power and justice oriented
-Collaborative
-Change-oriented
|
Pragmatism
-Consequences of actions
-Problem-centered
-Pluralistic
-Real-world practice oriented
|
Source:
(Creswell,
2003)
The study was based
on The Pragmatic Worldviewbecause researcher wanted to be problem centered and
used the mix data tools to gather the in-depth knowledge on subject matter (Karki, 2015).
The present study was based on
"The Neoclassical Theory of Cooperatives" (Royer, 2014). The neoclassical
theory of cooperatives is useful because it generates valuable insights into
the expected behavior of cooperatives in various market structures and the
differences between the behaviour of cooperatives and IOFs. Because the theoretical analysis of
cooperatives can be based on several different assertions about cooperative
objectives, it also sheds light on the economic implications of a cooperative’s
choice of objectives and aids in the development of business strategies for
cooperatives that are consistent with their objectives. In addition, cooperative theory yields some
important implications for public policy based on the expected effects of
cooperatives on economic welfare, including their effects on the performance of
other firms in imperfect markets (Royer, 2014,
p. 1).
Not all theoretical analyses of cooperatives have been conducted using the
neoclassical approach. Game theory,
which is used to study strategic decision making, and a variety of other
theoretical methodssuch as transaction cost economics, agency theory, and
property rights economicsthat may be conveniently labelled “new institutional
economics” have been used to provide additional insights into cooperative
behaviour and address shortcomings in the neoclassical theory.
The development of the neoclassical
theory of cooperatives represents an important step in understanding
cooperatives because the standard theory of the firm is inadequate for
analyzing these organizations given assertions about their behavior are
generally different than those for other firms.
Specifically, cooperative theorists usually have ascribed objectives
other than profit maximization to cooperatives. The neoclassical theory of
cooperatives has generated valuable insights into the expected behavior of
cooperatives in various market structures and the differences between the
behavior of cooperatives and IOFs. An analysis
of farm supplycooperatives suggests the price and output solutions of
cooperatives may differ substantially from those of IOFs both in the short run
and the long run, especially if the demand curve is downward sloping. The
stability of the cooperative price and output solutions is an important
issue. Because the receipt of patronage
refunds provides members an incentive to expand their use of the farm input
beyond the optimal level, a cooperative may not be able to pursue its objective
without imposing some sort of restriction on the purchase of the input. The significance of this problem depends on
the extent to which members consider patronage refunds when making purchasing
decisions. Cooperatives must adopt business strategies to successfully adapt to
changing market conditions. Because they
may have objectives other than profit maximization, strategies used by IOFs may
not be appropriate for them.
Neoclassical cooperative theory has led to the development of strategies
for cooperatives that are consistent with their objectives. Both short-run and long run strategies for
reducing the average cost of producing the farm input are described here. "Those strategies, which consist of
shifting either the demand curve or the cost curves for the input, are
consistent with the cooperative objective of minimizing the price it charges
members for the input" (Royer, 2014,
p. 19).
1.10 Delimitations and Limitations
The research had
following limitations:
·
The study had not covered other
districts than Illam.
·
The study had only studied
about Dairy, Tea and Savings & Credit Cooperatives.
·
It had taken only leaders of
cooperative societies for in-depth interviews.
1.11 Organization of the Study
The study consists
of six chapters. The first introductory chapter introduces the definition of
the key terms, world history and Nepalese history of co-operatives in brief,
co-operative policy of Nepal Government, and status of tea, dairy and credit
co-operatives in Nepal. The chapter also includes the theories of
co-operatives, significance of the research, objectives of the study and
hypotheses.
Chapter Two describes
development of co-operatives in different plan period in Nepal. This
chapter also focuses on the review of co-operative development in Nepal. Chapter
Three selectively reviews the international literature on co-operative theory
and agricultural co-operatives to introduce theoretical concepts and empirical
research. The reviewed literature within agricultural and credit co-operatives
focuses mainly on tea, dairy and credit co-operatives. The review will be done
to find out the scope, methodology, theoretical development and findings of the
previous studies and research works in these fields.
Chapter
Four is about methodology of the study, which includes the framework and design
of the study, sample area, sources of data, instruments of data collection and
techniques used in data analysis. Then Chapter Five analyses and evaluates the
result broadly. Chapter Six is the concluding chapter. It concludes the study
with some recommendations as well as the area for further study.
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